Organic (Fossilized Tree Resin)
Amber
Amber is a fossilized tree resin prized for its warm hues and ancient inclusions. It is one of the oldest organic gemstones.
Hardness 2–2.5Baltic region
Rocks & Minerals
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Silicate
Amethyst
Amethyst is a purple variety of quartz prized for its beauty and spiritual associations. It is widely used in jewelry and meditation.
Hardness 7Brazil
metamorphic
Amphibolite
Amphibolite is a dense, dark metamorphic rock primarily composed of amphibole and plagioclase minerals.
India
extrusive
Andesite
Andesite is a fine-grained, gray to greenish-gray extrusive igneous rock found in volcanic regions worldwide.
Hardness 6–7Andes Mountains
Beryl
Aquamarine
Aquamarine is a blue to blue-green gemstone from the beryl family, prized for its clarity and serene color.
Hardness 7.5–8Brazil
extrusive
Basalt
Basalt is a dark, fine-grained extrusive igneous rock formed from rapidly cooled lava flows.
Hardness 5–6India (Deccan Traps)
Silicate
Black Tourmaline
Black Tourmaline is a silicate mineral prized for its deep black color and protective qualities.
Hardness 7–7.5Brazil
sedimentary
Bloodstone
Bloodstone is a dark green chalcedony with distinctive red spots, historically prized for its striking appearance and mystical associations.
Hardness 6.5–7India
Corundum
Blue Sapphire
Blue Sapphire is a precious blue gemstone prized for its vivid color and clarity. It is highly valued in both jewelry and Vedic astrology.
Hardness 9Sri Lanka
Tourmaline
Blue Tourmaline
Blue tourmaline, or indicolite, is the rare blue variety of tourmaline, from teal to deep ink blue. In Vedic tradition it is an uparatna for blue sapphire, linked with Saturn (Shani).
Hardness 7–7.5Brazil
Chalcedony (Quartz)
Carnelian
Carnelian is a translucent to opaque orange-red chalcedony, prized for its vibrant color and ancient history.
Hardness 6.5–7India
Chrysoberyl
Cat's Eye Chrysoberyl
Cat's eye chrysoberyl is honey-yellow to greenish chrysoberyl cut as a dome so a single bright line of light glides across it as the stone moves — an effect called chatoyancy. In Vedic tradition it is Lehsunia, the Navratna gem of Ketu.
Hardness 8.5Sri Lanka
sedimentary
Chert
Chert is a hard, fine-grained sedimentary rock made mostly of microcrystalline quartz. It has been used for tools and construction throughout history.
Hardness 6.5–7India
Quartz
Citrine
Citrine is a vibrant yellow to golden variety of quartz prized for its sunny hue and clarity. It's a popular semi-precious gemstone in jewelry.
Hardness 7Brazil
sedimentary
Coal
Coal is a black or brownish-black sedimentary rock formed from ancient plant remains, primarily used as a fuel source.
India
sedimentary
Conglomerate
Conglomerate is a coarse-grained sedimentary rock made of rounded clasts bound by a matrix. It forms in high-energy environments like rivers.
India
Garnet (Andradite)
Demantoid Garnet
Demantoid garnet is a rare, brilliant green gemstone from the garnet family, prized for its exceptional fire and vivid color.
Hardness 6.5–7Russia
Carbon (native element)
Diamond
Diamond is a precious, transparent gemstone renowned for its brilliance and hardness. It is highly valued in jewelry and Vedic astrology.
Hardness 10India
Silicate (Cyclosilicate)
Dioptase
Dioptase is a striking emerald-green copper silicate mineral known for its vivid color and crystal clarity. It is highly valued by mineral collectors.
Hardness 5Namibia
intrusive
Diorite
Diorite is a coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock, intermediate in composition between granite and gabbro.
Hardness 6–7Italy
sedimentary
Dolomite
Dolomite is a sedimentary carbonate rock mainly made of the mineral dolomite, often resembling limestone.
Hardness 3.5–4India
Beryl
Emerald
Emerald is a vibrant green precious gemstone, valued for its rich color and clarity. Known as Panna in Hindi, it is a variety of beryl.
Hardness 7.5–8Colombia
Halide
Fluorite
Fluorite is a vibrant mineral known for its wide range of colors and cubic crystals. It is valued by collectors and used in various industries.
Hardness 4Namibia
intrusive
Gabbro
Gabbro is a dark, coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock composed mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene minerals.
Hardness 6–7India
Garnet (Almandine–Pyrope)
Garnet
Red garnet — almandine, pyrope and the blends between them — is the deep wine-red gem known in India as tamda. In Vedic tradition it is an uparatna for ruby, linked with the Sun.
Hardness 7–7.5India
metamorphic
Gneiss
Gneiss is a banded metamorphic rock formed under high temperature and pressure, known for its distinctive alternating layers.
Hardness 6–7India
Silicate
Golden Topaz
Golden topaz is the warm yellow-to-sherry variety of topaz, a hard aluminium fluorosilicate; the finest orange-pink shades are called imperial topaz. In Vedic tradition it is an uparatna for yellow sapphire, linked with Jupiter.
Hardness 8Brazil
Beryl
Goshenite
Goshenite is the pure, colorless variety of beryl, valued for its clarity and brilliance. It is sometimes used as a diamond substitute.
Hardness 7.5–8USA
intrusive
Granite
Granite is a coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock mainly composed of quartz, feldspar, and mica. It is widely used in construction and design.
Hardness 6–7India
Tourmaline
Green Tourmaline
Green tourmaline, or verdelite, is the green variety of tourmaline, a hard borosilicate that grows in long, striated crystals. In Vedic tradition it is an uparatna for emerald, linked with Mercury (Budh).
Hardness 7–7.5Brazil
sedimentary
Gypsum Rock
Gypsum rock is a soft, sedimentary rock made primarily of calcium sulfate. It is widely used in construction and agriculture.
Hardness 1.5–2India
Beryl
Heliodor
Heliodor is a yellow to golden variety of beryl, prized for its vibrant color and clarity. It is also known as Golden Beryl.
Hardness 7.5–8Brazil
Garnet (Grossular)
Hessonite
Hessonite is the honey-to-cinnamon orange variety of grossular garnet. In Vedic tradition it is Gomed, the Navratna gem of Rahu. A swirly, syrup-like 'treacle' look inside the stone is its signature and helps tell it apart from look-alikes such as citrine and orange glass.
Hardness 6.5–7.5Sri Lanka
Metamorphic
Lapis Lazuli
Lapis Lazuli is a striking deep blue metamorphic gemstone prized for its intense color and historical significance. It has been valued for millennia in jewelry, art, and spiritual practices.
Hardness 5–5.5Afghanistan
sedimentary
Limestone
Limestone is a sedimentary rock primarily made of calcium carbonate, often formed from marine life remains.
Hardness 3–4India
metamorphic
Marble
Marble is a metamorphic rock formed from limestone, renowned for its beauty and versatility in art and architecture.
Hardness 3–4Italy
Feldspar
Moonstone
Moonstone is a feldspar with adularescence — a soft, bluish-white glow that seems to float under the surface as the stone moves. In Vedic tradition it is Chandrakant Mani, an uparatna for pearl and a stone of the Moon.
Hardness 6–6.5Sri Lanka
Beryl
Morganite
Morganite is a pink to peach variety of beryl prized for its delicate pastel hues and brilliance.
Hardness 7.5–8Brazil
extrusive
Obsidian
Obsidian is a natural volcanic glass formed when lava cools rapidly, resulting in a smooth, glassy rock often found in dark colors.
Hardness 5–5.5Mexico
Opal
Opal
Opal is hydrated silica, and precious opal flashes with play-of-colour — patches of spectral colour that shift as the stone moves. In Vedic tradition it is an uparatna for diamond, linked with Venus (Shukra).
Hardness 5.5–6.5Australia
Organic (Biogenic)
Pearl
Pearl is a lustrous organic gemstone formed inside molluscs, valued for its beauty and spiritual significance.
Hardness 2.5–4.5Persian Gulf
intrusive
Pegmatite
Pegmatite is an extremely coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock, notable for its large crystals and varied mineral content.
Brazil
Olivine
Peridot
Peridot is a vibrant green gemstone, prized for its fresh color and clarity. It is the birthstone for August and has ancient roots in jewelry.
Hardness 6.5–7Pakistan
metamorphic
Phyllite
Phyllite is a fine-grained metamorphic rock with a silky sheen, formed from slate. It bridges the gap between slate and schist in metamorphic grade.
Hardness 1.5–2.5India
Phyllosilicate
Prehnite
Prehnite is a translucent green mineral prized by collectors and used in jewelry. It is often found in Namibia, Australia, and China.
Hardness 6–6.5Namibia
extrusive
Pumice
Pumice is a light, porous volcanic rock formed from rapidly cooling lava. It is widely used as an abrasive and in construction.
Hardness 5.5–6Italy
Quartz
Quartz (including Amethyst and Citrine)
Quartz is a versatile mineral found worldwide, with varieties like amethyst and citrine prized for their vibrant colors.
Hardness 7Namibia
metamorphic
Quartzite
Quartzite is a hard, non-foliated metamorphic rock formed from quartz-rich sandstone, prized for its durability and natural beauty.
Hardness 7India
Beryl
Red Beryl
Red Beryl is a rare, vibrant red gemstone from the beryl family, also known as Bixbite. It is prized for its striking raspberry-red color.
Hardness 7.5–8Utah (USA)
Organic (Biogenic)
Red Coral
Red Coral is a vivid red marine coral used as a gemstone and ornamental material. It’s valued for its warm color and organic, branching structure.
Hardness 3–4Italy (Sciacca, Sardinia)
Spinel
Red Spinel
Red spinel is a hard, brilliant magnesium-aluminium oxide gem that was mistaken for ruby for centuries. In Vedic tradition it is among the uparatnas for ruby, linked with the Sun.
Hardness 7.5–8Myanmar (Mogok)
extrusive
Rhyolite
Rhyolite is a light-colored, fine-grained extrusive igneous rock, chemically similar to granite.
Hardness 6–7USA
Silicate
Rose Quartz
Rose Quartz is a pink variety of quartz, cherished for its gentle color and associations with love and emotional healing.
Hardness 7Brazil
Corundum
Ruby
Ruby is a precious red gemstone, prized for its vibrant color and brilliance. It is the red variety of the mineral corundum.
Hardness 9Myanmar
sedimentary
Sandstone
Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized mineral grains. It is widely used in construction and landscaping.
Hardness 6–7India
extrusive
Scoria
Scoria is a dark, porous volcanic rock formed from basaltic magma, notable for its vesicular texture and lightweight nature.
Italy
metamorphic
Serpentinite
Serpentinite is a greenish metamorphic rock formed from ultramafic rocks, often with a slippery, waxy feel and mottled appearance.
Hardness 2.5–5India
sedimentary
Shale
Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock composed mainly of clay minerals and silt-sized particles. It is known for its ability to split into thin layers.
Hardness 3–3.5India
Silicate
Shattuckite
Shattuckite is a rare, vibrant blue copper silicate mineral valued by collectors and metaphysical enthusiasts. It is mainly found in Namibia, USA, and the Congo.
Hardness 3.5–4Namibia
metamorphic
Slate
Slate is a fine-grained metamorphic rock known for splitting into thin, durable sheets. It's widely used in roofing, flooring, and chalkboards.
Hardness 2.5–4Wales
Carbonate
Smithsonite
Smithsonite is a zinc carbonate mineral known for its soft pastel hues and botryoidal formations.
Hardness 4–4.5Namibia
Garnet (Spessartine)
Spessartine Garnet
Spessartine Garnet is a vibrant orange to reddish-orange gemstone from the garnet family, prized for its brilliance and rarity.
Hardness 6.5–7.5Namibia
Native Element
Sulphur
Sulphur (native sulfur) is a bright yellow native element mineral often associated with volcanic and geothermal environments. It’s valued as a mineral specimen and historically used in industry.
Hardness 1.5–2.5Italy
Feldspar
Sunstone
Sunstone is a vibrant, sparkling feldspar gemstone known for its warm orange to reddish hues and aventurescent shimmer.
Hardness 6–6.5India
Silicate
Topaz
Topaz is a transparent silicate mineral prized for its vivid yellow, golden, and champagne hues. It is a popular gemstone in jewelry.
Hardness 8Brazil
Tourmaline
Tourmaline
Tourmaline is a vibrant gemstone group known for its wide color range and striking multicolor crystals.
Hardness 7–7.5Brazil
Hydrated Phosphate
Turquoise
Turquoise is a blue-to-green hydrated phosphate mineral prized for its vibrant color and historical significance. It has been used in jewelry and amulets for millennia.
Hardness 5–6Iran
Corundum
White Sapphire
White Sapphire is a colorless variety of corundum prized for its brilliance and durability. It is often used as a diamond alternative.
Hardness 9Sri Lanka
Carbonate
Yellow Calcite
Yellow Calcite is a translucent yellow variety of the mineral calcite, valued for its gentle color and energy. It is popular in both decorative and metaphysical circles.
Hardness 3Mexico
Corundum
Yellow Sapphire
Yellow Sapphire is a precious gemstone prized for its vibrant yellow hues and astrological significance, especially in Vedic traditions.
Hardness 9Sri Lanka